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S_MT PASS-28 — Bounded precision and completeness corrections to PASS-23

Fresh PASS-28 access date: October 26, 2026, Pacific / October 26, 2026, UTC Scope: Only the four requested correction groups affecting PASS-23. PASS-23 remains unreviewed. PASS-21, PASS-22, PASS-24, PASS-27, and the prepared but unsent PASS-25 are not adopted as accepted premises.

All 11 PASS-23 worked examples and all 30 previously checked numerical quantities remain preserved. Example 8 receives only the secured-payoff-interest qualification stated below; its original $15,000 − $8,000 − $4,000 = $3,000 and conditional $1,800 arithmetic are not otherwise changed.

I. Effect on the original PASS-23

Group / subissue	Affected PASS-23 location	Correction or qualification	Effect
1. Required notice content	VI.A debtor-notice list; notice claims and coverage	Replace “date of seizure” as the required statutory item with date of judgment, together with case name and creditor name. Seizure date may be included as an additional operational fact.	The five-day notice deadline and §25-13-212 claim/hearing rules remain unchanged.
2(a). Sold-property proceeds	Core finding 30; IV.A proceeds row; C042; coverage	A sale of exempt property is one independent §25-13-610(1) branch. Indemnification is not added as a predicate to a voluntary sale.	Six-month duration, traceability, and the underlying §§608/609 qualification remain.
2(b). Casualty proceeds	Same locations	Loss, damage, or destruction is the other branch and requires that the debtor was indemnified.	The statute is not treated as requiring all listed events cumulatively.
2(c). Example 10	Example 10	Preserve its conditional $3,000 insurance-proceeds-at-four-months and seven-month branch.	No new date, source, or tracing conclusion is inserted.
3(a). Pre-seizure security-interest prerequisite	Core finding 22; V.B; workflow before stage 7; C039	State the exact §25-13-505 alternatives: pay or tender the secured debt and interest, or make the specified deposit with the county treasurer or other filing officer.	The prerequisite is placed before the taking of the property, not merely at distribution.
3(b). Secured-party affidavit	V.B; C040; coverage	Add agreement-of-record, personal service, 15-day period, exact filing office, required affidavit components, and the creditor-specific consequence of noncompliance.	Failure does not void the agreement universally.
3(c). Surrender and delivery chain	V.B; workflow	Add §25-13-506(2)’s surrender of the security agreement/note/evidence and delivery to the execution creditor after payoff.	No actual instrument or payoff is presumed.
3(d). Sale-proceeds interest	Workflow stage 17; C041; Example 8	Add repayment of the advanced sum with interest from the payment date before ordinary execution treatment of the balance.	Original arithmetic survives only if that interest is included in the assumed $8,000 or separately equals zero on proved facts.
3(e). Delivery to debtor	Workflow stage 17; coverage	Add §25-13-712(2)’s conditional delivery to the debtor of the obtained security agreement, note, or other evidence when sale price reaches the secured indebtedness.	This was a missing end step.
4(a). Full original-source URLs	Original P23 S001, S003, S004, S006, S007, S011	Restore every actually used literal URL; remove “through section” and municipal shorthand.	Locator correction only; unchanged bodies are not reclassified as freshly read.
4(b). Dorwart later treatment	P23 S012 and case table	Add Buxbaum’s narrow overruling of only the inconsistent UDJA attorney-fee proposition.	Dorwart’s historical residence-entry and due-process holdings remain bounded background.
4(c). Holzapfel scope	C036, case source, overlap coverage, ATV examples	Limit the case to its bankruptcy-certified ATV classification holding.	No universal anti-overlap rule is created.
4(d). Maynard scope	Selected-gun discussion and case source	Preserve the additional one-gun holding; reject any inference that marriage automatically doubles the exemption.	Actual debtor status, ownership, and selection remain required.
4(e). Sandvig currentness	Historical affirmative-selection discussion	Preserve the one-vehicle-election and affirmative-action holding while noting that current §25-13-212 now supplies a specific claim procedure.	Historical procedure is not substituted for current law.
4(f). Salminen posture	Case table/source annotation	Identify the filed 2014 opinion, private-residence warrant facts, pleading-stage disposition, and affirmed dismissal of the constitutional claim.	No automatic liability, damages, or bank-case holding.
4(g). HB 555 provenance	Exemption amount source/currentness	Freshly verify printed page 2209/PDF index 238, the four amounts, and May 14, 2021 immediate effectiveness.	No indexing mechanism is added.
4(h). Qualified negative findings	C037, C050, related coverage	Limit wildcard and redemption negatives to the specific statutory provisions actually reviewed.	Bankruptcy, secured repossession, contract rights, real-property redemption, federal and special statutes remain held.

II. GROUP 1 — Exact notice-content replacement

Replacement for PASS-23 VI.A

Debtor notice after execution

Within five days after executing upon the judgment debtor’s property, the sheriff or levying officer must serve a notice that:

Describes the property or money seized to satisfy the judgment;
States the case name, date of judgment, and judgment creditor’s name;
Advises that exemptions may be available under Montana or federal law; and
States the procedure for claiming an exemption and requesting a hearing.

The statute requires the date of judgment. The date of seizure may be included on a form as useful additional operational information, but it may not replace the required judgment date. Personal service and first-class mail remain authorized; mailed notice is complete when the officer places it in the mail. Montana Code Annotated

The related §25-13-212 conclusions remain unchanged:

Personal service: the ten-day claim period, excluding weekends and holidays, runs from actual receipt;
Mail: it runs from the officer’s mailing date;
The debtor must mail copies to the creditor or counsel and to the sheriff or levying officer on the filing date;
The court must hold the hearing within ten days, excluding weekends and holidays, after receiving the request; and
An untimely state exemption claim is barred in the seized property. Montana Code Annotated

No actual calendar is calculated, and neither the notice nor a private objection creates an indefinite automatic stay.

Notice claim-cell effect

Original PASS-23 claim	Disposition
C016 — notice due within five days	Retained unchanged.
C017 — mailed notice complete upon mailing	Retained unchanged.
C018–C022 — claim content, deadline, copies, hearing, late claim	Retained unchanged.
New P28 corrective claim	Adds the missing statutory content: case name, date of judgment, and creditor name.

Corrected coverage row

Component	Status	Claim links	Remaining evidence
Debtor notice timing, content, and service	Answered with corrected content	P23-C016–C022; P28-C001	Actual notice, judgment date, service or mailing record, and property description

III. GROUP 2 — Exact §25-13-610 conversion branches

Replacement for PASS-23 core finding 30

MCA §25-13-610(1) supplies a six-month traceable-proceeds exemption through two disjunctive branches:

Branch A — exempt property was sold

If money or property exempt under §25-13-608 or §25-13-609 has been sold, the debtor is entitled for six months to an exemption in identifiable proceeds.

The statute does not add indemnification as a separate predicate to this sale branch.

Branch B — exempt property was lost, damaged, or destroyed and the debtor was indemnified

If exempt property has been lost, damaged, or destroyed and the debtor has been indemnified for it, the identifiable indemnity proceeds receive the six-month exemption.

The statute therefore does not require that the property have been sold, lost, damaged, destroyed, and indemnified as one cumulative event. Montana Code Annotated

The adjacent rules remain unchanged:

The original property must have qualified under §25-13-608 or §25-13-609;
The proceeds must remain traceable;
The six-month protection is not a universal exemption for every bank deposit;
Exempt earnings instead use the separate 45-day rule; and
The debtor may select FIFO, LIFO, or another reasonable tracing method. Montana Code Annotated

Replacement for the proceeds matrix

Conversion event	Additional predicate	Duration	Tracing
Qualifying exempt property sold	Identifiable sale proceeds from property exempt under §608 or §609	6 months	FIFO, LIFO, or another reasonable method selected by debtor
Qualifying exempt property lost, damaged, or destroyed	Debtor was indemnified and the indemnity proceeds remain identifiable	6 months	Same tracing alternatives
Exempt earnings deposited	Earnings were exempt under §614 and remain traceable	45 days after receipt	Same tracing alternatives

Replacement for PASS-23 C042

S_MT-P23-C042 — corrected: Section 25-13-610(1) protects traceable proceeds for six months when qualifying exempt property either has been sold, or has been lost, damaged, or destroyed and the debtor has been indemnified. Indemnification is not an additional condition of the sale branch.

Source: MCA §25-13-610(1). Confidence: High for the current text. Consequence: P23’s compressed cumulative phrasing is replaced; the original duration and tracing conclusions remain.

Example 10

No numerical or factual assumption in Example 10 changes. Its conditional $3,000 insurance-proceeds result at four months remains subject to proof that:

The destroyed item was exempt under §608 or §609;
The $3,000 was indemnity for that item;
The money remained traceable; and
Fewer than six months had elapsed.

Its seven-month branch likewise remains unchanged.

IV. GROUP 3 — Secured-property procedure replacement

A. Replacement for PASS-23 core finding 22 and Section V.B

1. Prerequisite before taking secured property

Personal property subject to a security interest may be reached in execution, but before the officer takes the property, the officer must do one of the following:

Pay or tender to the secured party the amount of the secured debt and interest; or
Deposit that amount:With the county treasurer of the county where the financing statement is filed, if the filing is with a county clerk and recorder; orWith the other filing officer where another filing office is required by law, payable to the secured party’s order.

A generic reference to an “appropriate filing officer” is incomplete because the statute expressly directs county-filed instruments to the county treasurer. Montana Code Annotated

No seizure can be approved merely from the item’s gross value. Actual proof remains necessary for:

The security agreement;
Filing office;
Secured party;
Secured debt;
Interest;
Tender, payment, or deposit;
Debtor’s equity; and
The writ and levy.

2. Secured-party debt affidavit

For a security agreement of record, a judgment creditor may personally serve the secured party with 15 days’ written notice demanding an affidavit. The affidavit must be filed in the county-clerk-and-recorder office or other filing office where the financing statement is filed and must state:

Original obligation;
Additional advances;
Payments on principal or interest; and
Current unpaid balance.

If the secured party fails, refuses, or neglects to file within 15 days after personal service, the agreement becomes ineffective against that execution creditor upon seizure. The consequence is creditor-specific and seizure-specific; it does not declare the lien void against all persons or for all purposes. Montana Code Annotated

3. Surrender and delivery after payoff

If the execution creditor pays the amount due to the county treasurer, filing officer, or secured party in satisfaction of the security agreement:

The secured party must surrender the security agreement and any secured note or other evidence of indebtedness to the county treasurer or filing officer; and
The secured party, treasurer, or filing officer must deliver those materials to the execution creditor. Montana Code Annotated

4. Distribution after sale

When property taken under §25-13-505 is sold:

The officer first repays the sum advanced to the secured party with interest from the date of that payment; and
Any remaining balance is handled as ordinary execution proceeds. Montana Code Annotated

If the property sells for the amount of the secured indebtedness or more, the execution creditor must deliver to the debtor the security agreement and any note or other evidence of indebtedness obtained from the secured party. Montana Code Annotated

The statute does not by itself determine the complete ordering of:

Debtor exemption;
Every execution cost;
Competing secured claims;
Tax liens;
Other judgment liens; or
True surplus.

Those matters remain dependent on actual authority, amounts, and court orders.

B. Workflow-stage replacements

Insert before original stage 7

Stage	Actor	Trigger/document	Required act	Consequence/gap
6A. Secured-property prerequisite	Officer, execution creditor, secured party	Property appears subject to a recorded security agreement	Before taking the item, pay or tender secured debt and interest, or make the §505 deposit; if §506 is used, personally serve the 15-day demand and obtain or address the statutory affidavit	No taking is authorized until the applicable pre-seizure requirement is met; actual lien, filing office, payoff, interest, and tender remain held

Replace original stage 7 qualification

7. Levy/seizure: The officer may take only the debtor’s nonexempt interest, and only after any residence-warrant requirement, third-party ownership issue, and applicable §25-13-505 secured-property prerequisite have been satisfied.

Replace original stage 17

Stage	Actor	Trigger/document	Required act	Consequence/gap
17. Secured-property proceeds and instruments	Officer and execution creditor	Secured item sold	First repay the sum advanced to the secured party with interest from the payment date; handle any balance as ordinary execution proceeds; if sale price equals or exceeds the secured indebtedness, deliver the obtained security agreement/note/evidence to the debtor	Full priority, exemptions, costs, and surplus remain dependent on actual law and records

C. Replacement claims C039–C041

Original claim	Replacement
C039	Before taking personal property subject to a security interest, the levying officer must pay or tender the secured debt and interest, or deposit that amount with the county treasurer when the financing statement is county-filed, or with the other legally required filing officer.
C040	For a security agreement of record, the execution creditor may personally serve a 15-day written demand requiring the secured party to file an affidavit in the financing-statement office stating the original obligation, advances, payments, and unpaid balance. Failure makes the agreement ineffective against that creditor upon seizure, not universally void.
C041	Sale proceeds first reimburse the sum advanced to the secured party with interest from the payment date; any balance is treated as ordinary execution proceeds. If sale price equals or exceeds secured indebtedness, the execution creditor must deliver the obtained security agreement and secured note/evidence to the debtor.

D. Exact qualification to Example 8

The original assumptions and checked arithmetic remain:

$15,000−$8,000−$4,000=$3,000$15,000-$8,000-$4,000=$3,000$15,000−$8,000−$4,000=$3,000and, if C=$1,200C=$1,200C=$1,200:

$3,000−$1,200=$1,800$3,000-$1,200=$1,800$3,000−$1,200=$1,800Those figures remain valid only if the assumed $8,000 already includes the secured debt, secured interest through the payoff date, and any §25-13-712 interest accruing on the advanced amount through distribution.

If the original $8,000 represents only the amount advanced on the payoff date, let:

Ia=interest on the advanced amount from payment date to distributionI_a=\text{interest on the advanced amount from payment date to distribution}Ia=interest on the advanced amount from payment date to distributionThen the bounded expression becomes:

Potential remainder=max⁡(0,$15,000−$8,000−Ia−$4,000−C)\text{Potential remainder}

\max(0,$15,000-$8,000-I_a-$4,000-C)Potential remainder=max(0,$15,000−$8,000−Ia−$4,000−C)No value of IaI_aIa is invented. The original $3,000 and $1,800 outputs are preserved only under the explicit assumption that IaI_aIa is already included in $8,000 or is otherwise proved to be zero.

E. Corrected secured-procedure coverage

Component	Status after PASS-28	Claim links	Missing proof
Pre-seizure payoff/tender/deposit	Answered textually	P28-C004	Security agreement, filing office, secured debt, interest, tender or deposit
County-treasurer branch	Answered	P28-C004	County filing and actual deposit
Secured-party affidavit demand	Answered textually	P28-C005	Agreement of record, personal service, service date, filed affidavit
Effect of no affidavit	Answered narrowly	P28-C005	Seizure by that creditor and actual filing status
Surrender/delivery after payoff	Answered	P28-C006	Actual security agreement/note and payoff
Sale reimbursement and interest	Answered	P28-C007	Payment date, distribution date, amount advanced, interest
Instrument delivery to debtor	Answered conditionally	P28-C008	Sale price and secured indebtedness
Complete general priority order	Unresolved	—	Actual liens, exemptions, costs, timestamps, and court order

V. GROUP 4 — Source, mapping, and provenance corrections

A. Full literal URL replacement for original P23 S001

Original source family: Core execution statutes, Montana Legislature.

Plain text

https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0010/0250-0130-0020-0010.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0030/section_0010/0250-0130-0030-0010.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0030/section_0040/0250-0130-0030-0040.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0010/0250-0130-0040-0010.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0020/0250-0130-0040-0020.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0030/0250-0130-0040-0030.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0040/0250-0130-0040-0040.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0010/0250-0130-0050-0010.html

PASS-28 freshly reread §25-13-402 because it is material to the requested corrections. The other bodies retain their original PASS-23 access history and are not relabeled as new PASS-28 reads. The MCA 2025 Internet-code disclaimer remains applicable. Montana Code Annotated

B. Full literal URL replacement for original P23 S003

Original source family: Third-party and secured-property provisions.

Plain text

https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0030/0250-0130-0050-0030.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0270/chapter_0180/part_0060/section_0020/0270-0180-0060-0020.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0050/0250-0130-0050-0050.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0060/0250-0130-0050-0060.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0120/0250-0130-0070-0120.html

PASS-28 freshly read §§25-13-505, 506, and 712 completely. Sections 25-13-503 and 27-18-602 retain their original PASS-23 provenance and were not substantively rerun. Montana Code Annotated+2

C. Full literal URL replacement for original P23 S004

Original source family: Personal-property exemptions.

Plain text

https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0010/0250-0130-0060-0010.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0060/0250-0130-0060-0060.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0070/0250-0130-0060-0070.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0080/0250-0130-0060-0080.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0090/0250-0130-0060-0090.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0100/0250-0130-0060-0100.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0130/0250-0130-0060-0130.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0150/0250-0130-0060-0150.html

PASS-28 freshly read §§25-13-609, 610, and 613. The remaining sections retain original PASS-23 access attribution. Montana Code Annotated+2

D. Full literal URL replacement for original P23 S006

Original source family: Sale on execution.

Plain text

https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0010/0250-0130-0070-0010.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0020/0250-0130-0070-0020.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0030/0250-0130-0070-0030.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0040/0250-0130-0070-0040.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0080/0250-0130-0070-0080.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0090/0250-0130-0070-0090.html

These literal URLs replace “through corresponding section URLs.” PASS-28 did not rerun the unchanged bodies. The separate §25-13-712 URL is recorded in the corrected P23 S003 family because it governs secured-property proceeds.

E. Full literal URL replacement for original P23 S007

Original source family: Limited-court execution.

Plain text

https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0230/part_0010/section_0230/0250-0230-0010-0230.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0350/part_0080/section_0070/0250-0350-0080-0070.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0030/chapter_0060/part_0010/section_0030/0030-0060-0010-0030.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0030/chapter_0060/part_0010/section_0040/0030-0060-0010-0040.html
https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0300/part_0010/section_0010/0250-0300-0010-0010.html

PASS-28 freshly read all five. Rule 23’s correct chapter is 0230, not 0250. The municipal statutes establish general jurisdiction and procedural relationships but do not resolve the previously held municipal-specific personal-property execution form and implementation questions. Montana Code Annotated+4

F. Full literal URL replacement for original P23 S011

Original source family: Montana Judicial Branch forms and guidance.

Plain text

https://courts.mt.gov/forms/judgement
https://courts.mt.gov/forms/civilforms
https://courts.mt.gov/external/library/forms/civil/city_jp/writ_exe.doc
https://courts.mt.gov/external/library/forms/civil/city_jp/praecipe.doc
https://courts.mt.gov/external/library/forms/civil/district/writ_exec.doc
https://courts.mt.gov/external/library/forms/civil/district/execution.doc
https://courts.mt.gov/external/library/forms/civil/district/seizure.doc
https://courts.mt.gov/external/library/forms/civil/district/writ_exec_transc_jud.doc
https://courts.mt.gov/courts/lcourt/benchbook/SmallClaims

The two principal landing pages and Small Claims benchbook page were freshly read. The six Word bodies returned unsupported application/msword responses; their contents and revision dates remain unread. The Small Claims benchbook states that its forms and scripts are guidelines for judges, not controlling statewide substantive law. Montana Courts+2

VI. Case-source corrections

A. Dorwart and Buxbaum

Dorwart v. Caraway, 1998 MT 191 remains historical authority that:

Statutory execution exemptions are protected property interests;
Former Montana procedure inadequately notified debtors of exemptions and the process for claiming them; and
A writ by itself did not authorize warrantless entry into a private residence on the facts before the Court.

The historical passages include ¶¶74–76 and ¶¶93–103. Current §§25-13-211 through 213 postdate the challenged regime and govern present notice, hearing, and residence-warrant procedure. Justia Law+2

Trustees of Indiana University v. Buxbaum, 2003 MT 97, ¶46, overruled Dorwart only to the extent it was inconsistent with the discretionary attorney-fee authority in MCA §27-8-313. It did not overrule Dorwart’s residence-entry, exemption-property-interest, or procedural-due-process holdings. No complete citator representation is made. Justia Law

Replacement source annotation

P23 S012 — currentness qualification: Dorwart is retained only as historical constitutional background. Current §§25-13-211, 212, and 213 control modern statutory procedure. Buxbaum’s narrow later treatment concerns the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act attorney-fee proposition, not the execution-related holdings.

B. In re Holzapfel

In re Holzapfel, 2011 MT 257 was an original proceeding on a certified question from the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. The PDF includes a nonprecedential synopsis at PDF index 0. The majority opinion’s material classification analysis is at ¶¶4–7, printed pp.3–4 / zero-based PDF indices 3–4. The dissent begins at ¶8 and is not the Court’s holding. Justia Law

Narrow replacement for P23 C036

Holzapfel establishes that the ATV at issue was a “motor vehicle” and not a “sporting good” under the specific statutes and definitions before the Court. It supports applying the specific motor-vehicle category to that ATV. It does not establish a universal rule that every item potentially described by two exemption statutes can never receive overlapping or additional protection. The statutory text must be examined item by item; §25-13-613’s expressly additional selected-gun exemption remains a distinct example.

The original ATV examples remain unchanged.

C. In re Maynard

In re Maynard, 2006 MT 162 was also a bankruptcy-certified question. The majority’s material analysis appears at ¶¶6–14, printed pp.4–6 / PDF indices 3–5. It held that the statutory text allows one gun selected by a debtor in addition to the §25-13-609(1) exemptions and that a statutory heading cannot override the enacted text. Justia Law

The case does not establish that marriage automatically creates two selected-gun exemptions in every execution. Actual judgment-debtor identity, ownership, selection, residency, and the number of debtors whose property is under execution remain necessary.

D. Estate of Sandvig

Estate of Sandvig, 1991, arose from an estate-related execution and affirmed denial of a belated motor-vehicle exemption claim. The Court treated the exemption as requiring affirmative action and emphasized that the one-vehicle exemption required an actual selection when the debtors had more than one possible vehicle. The material historical discussion appears at printed pp.2, 4–5 / PDF indices 1, 3–4. Justia Law+1

Its dollar figures and pre-1999 procedure are historical. Current §25-13-212 now supplies an express written claim, documentation, deadline, and hearing procedure and controls modern process. Montana Code Annotated

E. Salminen

Salminen v. Morrison & Frampton, PLLP, 2014 MT 323 is a filed Montana Supreme Court opinion dated December 2, 2014. The case involved a warrant-assisted seizure of private-residence property and appellate review of a Rule 12 dismissal and judgment on the pleadings. The Court reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded. It held that adequately pleaded conversion, abuse-of-process, and wrongful-levy theories should not have been dismissed at that stage; it separately affirmed dismissal of the freestanding constitutional claim. Justia Law+1

The case does not establish:

Automatic liability;
Automatic damages;
Liability for every procedural deviation;
A generic bank-garnishment merits rule; or
That a residence warrant is invalid merely because it issued ex parte.

The filed caption controls over legacy PDF metadata describing the document as “PROPOSED.”

VII. HB 555 amount and effective-date source correction

The official 2021 Session Laws, Chapter 539, printed page 2209, zero-based PDF index 238, amend §25-13-609 to:

$7,000 aggregate household-category protection;
$1,250 per item;
$4,000 in one motor vehicle; and
$4,500 aggregate tools/professional property.

The act was approved and made immediately effective on May 14, 2021. The page contains no indexing provision. Legislative Archive of Montana+1

This is a fresh PASS-28 PDF-page inspection. It replaces reliance on an uninspectable prior screenshot reference while preserving the original PASS-23 amount conclusions.

VIII. Qualified-negative replacements

Replacement for P23 C037

Within the specific Montana provisions actually reviewed—MCA §§25-13-601, 606 through 610, 613, and 615—no general cash “wildcard” or ordinary in-lieu-of-homestead personal-property election was located. This is not a certification of every provision in Part 6 or every specialized exemption. Bankruptcy, federal law, secured transactions, insurance, retirement, local law, contracts, and sector-specific statutes remain outside that negative finding.

Replacement for P23 C050

Within the ordinary personal-property sale provisions actually reviewed—MCA §§25-13-701 through 704, 708, 709, and the secured-property provision in §712—no general post-sale redemption right for ordinary personal property was located. This does not address contractual cure or repurchase rights, Article 9 secured repossession, bankruptcy, specialized property, or Montana’s separate real-property execution-redemption statutes.

Corrected coverage labels

Component	Corrected status
Ordinary personal-property wildcard	Not found in the specifically reviewed §§601, 606–610, 613, and 615; broader and specialized rights held
Ordinary personal-property post-sale redemption	Not found in the specifically reviewed §§701–704, 708–709, and 712; contract, secured, bankruptcy, and real-property rights excluded

IX. PASS-28 source register

Fresh PASS-28 access date unless otherwise specified: October 26, 2026, Pacific / October 26, 2026, UTC. Exact individual fetch timestamps were not exposed.

Source ID	Authority, full literal URL, and pinpoint	Access classification and material bounds
S_MT-P28-S001	MCA §25-13-211, Montana Legislature. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0110/0250-0130-0020-0110.html; subsection (1)(b)	Fresh own read. Current MCA 2025 HTML; complete section. HTML has no printed-page/PDF-index locator. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S002	MCA §25-13-212. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/MCA/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0120/0250-0130-0020-0120.html	Fresh own read. Complete claim, copy, deadline, late-bar, and hearing clauses. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S003	MCA §25-13-610. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0100/0250-0130-0060-0100.html; subsections (1)–(3)	Fresh own read. Current MCA 2025 HTML; complete section. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S004	MCA §25-13-505. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0050/0250-0130-0050-0050.html	Fresh own read. Complete section; debt-and-interest and deposit alternatives. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S005	MCA §25-13-506. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0060/0250-0130-0050-0060.html; subsections (1)–(2)	Fresh own read. Complete personal-service, affidavit, creditor-specific consequence, surrender, and delivery clauses. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S006	MCA §25-13-712. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0120/0250-0130-0070-0120.html; subsections (1)–(2)	Fresh own read. Complete proceeds, interest, ordinary-balance, and debtor-instrument-delivery clauses. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S007	MCA §25-13-402. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0020/0250-0130-0040-0020.html	Fresh own read. Complete material execution and excess-proceeds clauses; P23’s existing judgment-or-order exception remains correct. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S008	HB 555 / Chapter 539, 2021 Montana Session Laws. https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Publications/sales/2021SessionLaws_V3_ERRATA-VERSION.pdf?inline=1; printed p.2209/PDF index 238	Fresh own PDF read and screenshot. Four amended amounts and immediate May 14, 2021 effectiveness. Legislative Archive of Montana+1
S_MT-P28-S009	Dorwart v. Caraway, 1998 MT 191. https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1998/3d8b9983-6bae-41cf-9de6-2350cbf0cd89.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1998-08-04-3D8B9983-6BAE-41CF-9DE6-2350CBF0CD89.pdf?ts=1462388683; ¶¶74–76, 93–103	Fresh HTML paragraph read. PDF locator bounds retained from coordinator-reported and prior source work: ¶¶74–76 around printed p.25/PDF 24; ¶¶93–103 around printed pp.31–34/PDF 30–33. Current statutes postdate case. Justia Law+1
S_MT-P28-S010	Trustees of Indiana University v. Buxbaum, 2003 MT 97. https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2003/eff955bb-6f26-4929-9f2d-b920b9e3977c.html; ¶46	Fresh own HTML read. Printed page 23 appears in the reproduced text; zero-based PDF index was not independently authenticated. Narrow UDJA attorney-fee later treatment only. Justia Law
S_MT-P28-S011	In re Holzapfel, 2011 MT 257. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2011/op-11-0203.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/op-11-0203.pdf?ts=1462390518; majority ¶¶4–7, printed pp.3–4/PDF 3–4	Fresh own HTML and full PDF read. PDF index 0 is a nonprecedential synopsis; dissent begins at ¶8. Justia Law
S_MT-P28-S012	In re Maynard, 2006 MT 162. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2006/dd0f20c1-d333-4441-baad-391397697361.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2006-07-18-DD0F20C1-D333-4441-BAAD-391397697361.pdf?ts=1462389514; ¶¶6–14, printed pp.4–6/PDF 3–5	Fresh own HTML and PDF read. Bankruptcy-certified question; separate one-gun holding. Justia Law
S_MT-P28-S013	Estate of Sandvig, 1991. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1991/074235f6-85d0-4899-b6b7-4f1eb8189320.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1991-09-24-074235F6-85D0-4899-B6B7-4F1EB8189320.pdf?ts=1462387763; printed pp.2, 4–5/PDF 1, 3–4	Fresh own HTML and full six-page PDF read. Historical amounts and procedure. Justia Law+1
S_MT-P28-S014	Salminen v. Morrison & Frampton, PLLP, 2014 MT 323. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2014/da-14-0179.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2014-da-14-0179.pdf?ts=1417564946; ¶¶23–36, printed pp.10–17/PDF 9–16	Fresh own HTML and PDF-text read. Filed December 2, 2014; pleading-stage appeal; partial reversal/affirmance/remand. Justia Law+1
S_MT-P28-S015	Original P23-S001 URL family, listed in Section V.A	Mixed locator-repair row. §402 freshly reread; other sections retain original P23 access and were not rerun. Not a separate independent authority count.
S_MT-P28-S016	Original P23-S003 URL family, listed in Section V.B	Mixed. §§505, 506, 712 fresh; §§503 and 27-18-602 retain original access. Not independent duplicate authority.
S_MT-P28-S017	Original P23-S004 URL family, listed in Section V.C	Mixed. §§609, 610, 613 fresh; remaining bodies retain original access.
S_MT-P28-S018	Original P23-S006 URL family, listed in Section V.D	Locator repair only. Unchanged sale bodies not rerun.
S_MT-P28-S019	Original P23-S007 URL family, listed in Section V.E	Fresh own reads of all five URLs. Municipal implementation remains partial. Montana Code Annotated+4
S_MT-P28-S020	Original P23-S011 URL family, listed in Section V.F	Landing pages fresh; six Word bodies failed/not read; Small Claims guidance fresh. No substantive content inferred from unsupported files. Montana Courts+2

X. PASS-28 claim register

Claim ID	Affected PASS-23 claim/location	Precise bounded correction	Source and confidence
S_MT-P28-C001	VI.A; notice coverage	Required notice content includes case name, date of judgment, and creditor name. Seizure date is optional additional information.	P28-S001, §25-13-211(1)(b). High.
S_MT-P28-C002	Core 30; C042	Sale of qualifying exempt property independently triggers the six-month traceable-proceeds branch; indemnification is not an additional sale predicate.	P28-S003, §25-13-610(1). High.
S_MT-P28-C003	Core 30; C042	Loss, damage, or destruction triggers the other six-month branch only when the debtor was indemnified.	P28-S003. High.
S_MT-P28-C004	C039; core 22; workflow	Before taking secured property, officer must pay/tender secured debt and interest or make the exact statutory deposit with county treasurer or other filing officer.	P28-S004. High.
S_MT-P28-C005	C040	For an agreement of record, creditor’s personally served 15-day written demand requires the exact debt affidavit; noncompliance makes the agreement ineffective against that creditor upon seizure.	P28-S005, §506(1). High.
S_MT-P28-C006	V.B/workflow	After execution-creditor payoff, secured party must surrender the agreement and note/evidence, which must be delivered to the execution creditor.	P28-S005, §506(2). High.
S_MT-P28-C007	C041; workflow stage 17	Sale proceeds first reimburse the advanced sum with interest from payment date; balance is treated as ordinary execution proceeds.	P28-S006, §712(1). High.
S_MT-P28-C008	Workflow stage 17; coverage	If sale price equals or exceeds secured indebtedness, execution creditor must deliver obtained agreement/note/evidence to debtor.	P28-S006, §712(2). High.
S_MT-P28-C009	Example 8	Original $3,000/$1,800 arithmetic is conditional on §712 interest being included in the $8,000 assumption or separately proved zero; otherwise subtract an unknown IaI_aIa.	P28-S006. High mathematical qualification.
S_MT-P28-C010	S012/case table	Dorwart remains historical authority for exemption-property interests, notice, hearing, and residence-entry limits; current §§211–213 now govern procedure.	P28-S009. High and historical.
S_MT-P28-C011	S012 later treatment	Buxbaum overruled only Dorwart’s inconsistent UDJA attorney-fee proposition.	P28-S010, ¶46. High, bounded.
S_MT-P28-C012	C036; ATV examples	Holzapfel holds that the ATV before it was a motor vehicle rather than sporting goods; it does not create a universal anti-overlap rule.	P28-S011, ¶¶4–7. High, item-specific.
S_MT-P28-C013	Selected-gun discussion	Maynard supports one additional selected-gun exemption for a debtor; marriage alone does not automatically establish doubled protection.	P28-S012, ¶¶6–14. High holding; doubling conclusion remains fact-specific.
S_MT-P28-C014	Historical affirmative-election discussion	Sandvig supports affirmative selection of the one-vehicle exemption under the historical regime; current §212 supplies the modern claim procedure.	P28-S013 plus P28-S002. High with currentness qualification.
S_MT-P28-C015	Salminen source/case table	Salminen was a filed private-residence warrant case at pleading stage; it does not establish automatic liability or damages.	P28-S014, ¶¶23–36. High.
S_MT-P28-C016	C037	No general wildcard/in-lieu election was located in the specifically reviewed §§601, 606–610, 613, and 615; broader and specialized rights remain held.	Original statutory family/P28-S017. Qualified negative.
S_MT-P28-C017	C050	No general personal-property post-sale redemption right was located in the specifically reviewed §§701–704, 708–709, and 712; special and contractual rights remain held.	P28-S006/P28-S018. Qualified negative.
S_MT-P28-C018	Exemption amount/currentness	HB 555 established $7,000, $1,250, $4,000, and $4,500, immediately effective May 14, 2021, with no indexing clause in the act.	P28-S008, printed p.2209/PDF 238. High.

XI. Coverage and residual-gap table

Requested PASS-28 subissue	Status	Claims	Exact missing proof or next action
Judgment date in officer notice	Corrected	C001	Actual notice and judgment
Seizure date as optional operational item	Qualified	C001	Local form, if any
Five-day notice period	Preserved	P23-C016	Actual seizure date
Personal/mail ten-day trigger	Preserved	P23-C017–C018	Actual receipt or mailing
Same-day copies/hearing/late claim	Preserved	P23-C019–C022	Actual filing and court receipt
Sold-property proceeds branch	Corrected	C002	Exempt source, sale, receipt, tracing, six-month period
Lost/damaged/destroyed branch	Corrected	C003	Event, indemnification, tracing
Indemnification required for every sale	Rejected	C002–C003	None
Six-month universal deposit exemption	Rejected/preserved	C002–C003	Another specific exemption required
FIFO/LIFO/other reasonable tracing	Preserved	P23-C043	Actual ledger and chosen method
Example 10	Preserved	C002–C003	Actual event, date, indemnity, trace
§505 debt-and-interest prerequisite	Answered	C004	Security agreement, payoff and interest
County-treasurer deposit branch	Answered	C004	Filing county and actual deposit
Other filing-officer branch	Answered	C004	Governing filing law and office
§506 agreement-of-record predicate	Answered	C005	Actual filing record
Personal service of demand	Answered	C005	Service return and date
Affidavit contents	Answered	C005	Actual affidavit
Consequence of no affidavit	Answered narrowly	C005	Seizure by that creditor
§506 surrender/delivery chain	Answered	C006	Paid amount and actual instruments
§712 repayment plus interest	Answered	C007	Payment and distribution dates
§712 debtor delivery step	Answered conditionally	C008	Sale price and secured debt
Complete general priority	Unresolved	—	Actual liens, exemptions, costs and court order
Example 8 interest term	Qualified	C009	Whether interest is included; value of IaI_aIa
Full original-source URLs	Corrected	P28-S015–S020	None for locators
Word-form bodies/revisions	Still unread	P28-S020	Machine-readable or official current copies
Municipal execution implementation	Still unresolved	P28-S019	Court-specific rule/form
Dorwart currentness	Qualified	C010–C011	No complete citator audit
Holzapfel scope	Narrowed	C012	Other property/statutory combinations require separate analysis
Maynard scope	Narrowed	C013	Actual debtors, ownership and selection
Sandvig historical procedure	Qualified	C014	Current §212 facts
Salminen posture	Corrected	C015	Merits and damages require actual later proceedings
HB 555 source and effective date	Freshly verified	C018	None
Wildcard negative	Qualified to reviewed provisions	C016	Bankruptcy, federal, local, special-sector or contractual law
Redemption negative	Qualified to reviewed provisions	C017	Secured repossession, contract, bankruptcy and real-property law
All 11 original examples	Preserved	C009 only adds E8 qualifier	No recomputation
All 30 checked quantities	Preserved	—	None
Actual asset/title/lien/contract/case	Unresolved	Original P23 holds	Private records remain outside scope
Local/tribal/country/sector law	Excluded unchanged	—	Separate research

XII. Self-check

Freshly read in PASS-28

MCA §§25-13-211, 212, 402, 505, 506, 609, 610, 613, and 712;
Justice/City Rule 23, Small Claims §25-35-807, MCA §§3-6-103, 3-6-104, and 25-30-101;
The official Montana Judicial Branch forms and judgment landing pages;
The official HB 555 session-law page;
Dorwart, Buxbaum, Holzapfel, Maynard, Sandvig, and Salminen in the bounded portions identified above.

Locator restoration without substantive reread

The unchanged bodies in the original P23 S001, S003, S004, S006, and S011 source families retain their original PASS-23 access history. Restoring their full literal URLs does not reclassify them as new PASS-28 reads.

Failed or unread

The six official Word-form bodies and their internal revision dates;
Any actual security agreement, financing statement, payoff, affidavit, title, value, levy, sale, court order, or debtor instrument;
A complete case citator or all-history audit;
Municipal-specific personal-property execution implementation;
A comprehensive search of every federal, bankruptcy, local, contractual, or special-sector wildcard or redemption right.

Preserved unchanged

All 11 PASS-23 worked examples except the stated Example 8 interest qualification;
All 30 checked numeric quantities;
The original actual-record, ownership, valuation, priority, burden, municipal, local, tribal, country, sector, contract, title, source-history, and private-case holds;
No adoption or acceptance of PASS-21, PASS-22, PASS-24, PASS-27, or prepared PASS-25.

No filing, levy, seizure, asset movement, exemption election, form submission, title search, contact, records request, provider lookup, local write, independent-review conclusion, whole-component acceptance, Montana acceptance, parent-dossier acceptance, A066 acceptance, operational approval, or publication-readiness determination occurred.

END S_MT PASS-28.

Every captured table

Captured cells with original header handling and explicitly labeled bounded correction overlays. Downloaded JSON retains original cells. Tables may contain source limitations, historical examples and identified corrections; the complete reading supplies context.

How to read the research →

Captured table 01

Group / subissue · Affected PASS-23 location · Correction or qualification · 17 data rows

Group / subissue	Affected PASS-23 location	Correction or qualification	Effect
1. Required notice content	VI.A debtor-notice list; notice claims and coverage	Replace “date of seizure” as the required statutory item with date of judgment, together with case name and creditor name. Seizure date may be included as an additional operational fact.	The five-day notice deadline and §25-13-212 claim/hearing rules remain unchanged.
2(a). Sold-property proceeds	Core finding 30; IV.A proceeds row; C042; coverage	A sale of exempt property is one independent §25-13-610(1) branch. Indemnification is not added as a predicate to a voluntary sale.	Six-month duration, traceability, and the underlying §§608/609 qualification remain.
2(b). Casualty proceeds	Same locations	Loss, damage, or destruction is the other branch and requires that the debtor was indemnified.	The statute is not treated as requiring all listed events cumulatively.
2(c). Example 10	Example 10	Preserve its conditional $3,000 insurance-proceeds-at-four-months and seven-month branch.	No new date, source, or tracing conclusion is inserted.
3(a). Pre-seizure security-interest prerequisite	Core finding 22; V.B; workflow before stage 7; C039	State the exact §25-13-505 alternatives: pay or tender the secured debt and interest, or make the specified deposit with the county treasurer or other filing officer.	The prerequisite is placed before the taking of the property, not merely at distribution.
3(b). Secured-party affidavit	V.B; C040; coverage	Add agreement-of-record, personal service, 15-day period, exact filing office, required affidavit components, and the creditor-specific consequence of noncompliance.	Failure does not void the agreement universally.
3(c). Surrender and delivery chain	V.B; workflow	Add §25-13-506(2)’s surrender of the security agreement/note/evidence and delivery to the execution creditor after payoff.	No actual instrument or payoff is presumed.
3(d). Sale-proceeds interest	Workflow stage 17; C041; Example 8	Add repayment of the advanced sum with interest from the payment date before ordinary execution treatment of the balance.	Original arithmetic survives only if that interest is included in the assumed $8,000 or separately equals zero on proved facts.
3(e). Delivery to debtor	Workflow stage 17; coverage	Add §25-13-712(2)’s conditional delivery to the debtor of the obtained security agreement, note, or other evidence when sale price reaches the secured indebtedness.	This was a missing end step.
4(a). Full original-source URLs	Original P23 S001, S003, S004, S006, S007, S011	Restore every actually used literal URL; remove “through section” and municipal shorthand.	Locator correction only; unchanged bodies are not reclassified as freshly read.
4(b). Dorwart later treatment	P23 S012 and case table	Add Buxbaum’s narrow overruling of only the inconsistent UDJA attorney-fee proposition.	Dorwart’s historical residence-entry and due-process holdings remain bounded background.
4(c). Holzapfel scope	C036, case source, overlap coverage, ATV examples	Limit the case to its bankruptcy-certified ATV classification holding.	No universal anti-overlap rule is created.
4(d). Maynard scope	Selected-gun discussion and case source	Preserve the additional one-gun holding; reject any inference that marriage automatically doubles the exemption.	Actual debtor status, ownership, and selection remain required.
4(e). Sandvig currentness	Historical affirmative-selection discussion	Preserve the one-vehicle-election and affirmative-action holding while noting that current §25-13-212 now supplies a specific claim procedure.	Historical procedure is not substituted for current law.
4(f). Salminen posture	Case table/source annotation	Identify the filed 2014 opinion, private-residence warrant facts, pleading-stage disposition, and affirmed dismissal of the constitutional claim.	No automatic liability, damages, or bank-case holding.
4(g). HB 555 provenance	Exemption amount source/currentness	Freshly verify printed page 2209/PDF index 238, the four amounts, and May 14, 2021 immediate effectiveness.	No indexing mechanism is added.
4(h). Qualified negative findings	C037, C050, related coverage	Limit wildcard and redemption negatives to the specific statutory provisions actually reviewed.	Bankruptcy, secured repossession, contract rights, real-property redemption, federal and special statutes remain held.

Captured table 02

Original PASS-23 claim · Disposition · 4 data rows

Original PASS-23 claim	Disposition
C016 — notice due within five days	Retained unchanged.
C017 — mailed notice complete upon mailing	Retained unchanged.
C018–C022 — claim content, deadline, copies, hearing, late claim	Retained unchanged.
New P28 corrective claim	Adds the missing statutory content: case name, date of judgment, and creditor name.

Captured table 03

Component · Status · Claim links · 1 data rows

Component	Status	Claim links	Remaining evidence
Debtor notice timing, content, and service	Answered with corrected content	P23-C016–C022; P28-C001	Actual notice, judgment date, service or mailing record, and property description

Captured table 04

Conversion event · Additional predicate · Duration · 3 data rows

Conversion event	Additional predicate	Duration	Tracing
Qualifying exempt property sold	Identifiable sale proceeds from property exempt under §608 or §609	6 months	FIFO, LIFO, or another reasonable method selected by debtor
Qualifying exempt property lost, damaged, or destroyed	Debtor was indemnified and the indemnity proceeds remain identifiable	6 months	Same tracing alternatives
Exempt earnings deposited	Earnings were exempt under §614 and remain traceable	45 days after receipt	Same tracing alternatives

Captured table 05

Stage · Actor · Trigger/document · 1 data rows

Stage	Actor	Trigger/document	Required act	Consequence/gap
6A. Secured-property prerequisite	Officer, execution creditor, secured party	Property appears subject to a recorded security agreement	Before taking the item, pay or tender secured debt and interest, or make the §505 deposit; if §506 is used, personally serve the 15-day demand and obtain or address the statutory affidavit	No taking is authorized until the applicable pre-seizure requirement is met; actual lien, filing office, payoff, interest, and tender remain held

Captured table 06

Stage · Actor · Trigger/document · 1 data rows

Stage	Actor	Trigger/document	Required act	Consequence/gap
17. Secured-property proceeds and instruments	Officer and execution creditor	Secured item sold	First repay the sum advanced to the secured party with interest from the payment date; handle any balance as ordinary execution proceeds; if sale price equals or exceeds the secured indebtedness, deliver the obtained security agreement/note/evidence to the debtor	Full priority, exemptions, costs, and surplus remain dependent on actual law and records

Captured table 07

Original claim · Replacement · 3 data rows

Original claim	Replacement
C039	Before taking personal property subject to a security interest, the levying officer must pay or tender the secured debt and interest, or deposit that amount with the county treasurer when the financing statement is county-filed, or with the other legally required filing officer.
C040	For a security agreement of record, the execution creditor may personally serve a 15-day written demand requiring the secured party to file an affidavit in the financing-statement office stating the original obligation, advances, payments, and unpaid balance. Failure makes the agreement ineffective against that creditor upon seizure, not universally void.
C041	Sale proceeds first reimburse the sum advanced to the secured party with interest from the payment date; any balance is treated as ordinary execution proceeds. If sale price equals or exceeds secured indebtedness, the execution creditor must deliver the obtained security agreement and secured note/evidence to the debtor.

Captured table 08

Component · Status after PASS-28 · Claim links · 8 data rows

Component	Status after PASS-28	Claim links	Missing proof
Pre-seizure payoff/tender/deposit	Answered textually	P28-C004	Security agreement, filing office, secured debt, interest, tender or deposit
County-treasurer branch	Answered	P28-C004	County filing and actual deposit
Secured-party affidavit demand	Answered textually	P28-C005	Agreement of record, personal service, service date, filed affidavit
Effect of no affidavit	Answered narrowly	P28-C005	Seizure by that creditor and actual filing status
Surrender/delivery after payoff	Answered	P28-C006	Actual security agreement/note and payoff
Sale reimbursement and interest	Answered	P28-C007	Payment date, distribution date, amount advanced, interest
Instrument delivery to debtor	Answered conditionally	P28-C008	Sale price and secured indebtedness
Complete general priority order	Unresolved	—	Actual liens, exemptions, costs, timestamps, and court order

Captured table 09

Component · Corrected status · 2 data rows

Component	Corrected status
Ordinary personal-property wildcard	Not found in the specifically reviewed §§601, 606–610, 613, and 615; broader and specialized rights held
Ordinary personal-property post-sale redemption	Not found in the specifically reviewed §§701–704, 708–709, and 712; contract, secured, bankruptcy, and real-property rights excluded

Captured table 10

Source ID · Authority, full literal URL, and pinpoint · Access classification and material bounds · 20 data rows

Source ID	Authority, full literal URL, and pinpoint	Access classification and material bounds
S_MT-P28-S001	MCA §25-13-211, Montana Legislature. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0110/0250-0130-0020-0110.html; subsection (1)(b)	Fresh own read. Current MCA 2025 HTML; complete section. HTML has no printed-page/PDF-index locator. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S002	MCA §25-13-212. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/MCA/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0120/0250-0130-0020-0120.html	Fresh own read. Complete claim, copy, deadline, late-bar, and hearing clauses. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S003	MCA §25-13-610. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0100/0250-0130-0060-0100.html; subsections (1)–(3)	Fresh own read. Current MCA 2025 HTML; complete section. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S004	MCA §25-13-505. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0050/0250-0130-0050-0050.html	Fresh own read. Complete section; debt-and-interest and deposit alternatives. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S005	MCA §25-13-506. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0060/0250-0130-0050-0060.html; subsections (1)–(2)	Fresh own read. Complete personal-service, affidavit, creditor-specific consequence, surrender, and delivery clauses. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S006	MCA §25-13-712. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0120/0250-0130-0070-0120.html; subsections (1)–(2)	Fresh own read. Complete proceeds, interest, ordinary-balance, and debtor-instrument-delivery clauses. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S007	MCA §25-13-402. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0020/0250-0130-0040-0020.html	Fresh own read. Complete material execution and excess-proceeds clauses; P23’s existing judgment-or-order exception remains correct. Montana Code Annotated
S_MT-P28-S008	HB 555 / Chapter 539, 2021 Montana Session Laws. https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Publications/sales/2021SessionLaws_V3_ERRATA-VERSION.pdf?inline=1; printed p.2209/PDF index 238	Fresh own PDF read and screenshot. Four amended amounts and immediate May 14, 2021 effectiveness. Legislative Archive of Montana +1
S_MT-P28-S009	Dorwart v. Caraway, 1998 MT 191. https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1998/3d8b9983-6bae-41cf-9de6-2350cbf0cd89.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1998-08-04-3D8B9983-6BAE-41CF-9DE6-2350CBF0CD89.pdf?ts=1462388683; ¶¶74–76, 93–103	Fresh HTML paragraph read. PDF locator bounds retained from coordinator-reported and prior source work: ¶¶74–76 around printed p.25/PDF 24; ¶¶93–103 around printed pp.31–34/PDF 30–33. Current statutes postdate case. Justia Law +1
S_MT-P28-S010	Trustees of Indiana University v. Buxbaum, 2003 MT 97. https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2003/eff955bb-6f26-4929-9f2d-b920b9e3977c.html; ¶46	Fresh own HTML read. Printed page 23 appears in the reproduced text; zero-based PDF index was not independently authenticated. Narrow UDJA attorney-fee later treatment only. Justia Law
S_MT-P28-S011	In re Holzapfel, 2011 MT 257. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2011/op-11-0203.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/op-11-0203.pdf?ts=1462390518; majority ¶¶4–7, printed pp.3–4/PDF 3–4	Fresh own HTML and full PDF read. PDF index 0 is a nonprecedential synopsis; dissent begins at ¶8. Justia Law
S_MT-P28-S012	In re Maynard, 2006 MT 162. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2006/dd0f20c1-d333-4441-baad-391397697361.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2006-07-18-DD0F20C1-D333-4441-BAAD-391397697361.pdf?ts=1462389514; ¶¶6–14, printed pp.4–6/PDF 3–5	Fresh own HTML and PDF read. Bankruptcy-certified question; separate one-gun holding. Justia Law
S_MT-P28-S013	Estate of Sandvig, 1991. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1991/074235f6-85d0-4899-b6b7-4f1eb8189320.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1991-09-24-074235F6-85D0-4899-B6B7-4F1EB8189320.pdf?ts=1462387763; printed pp.2, 4–5/PDF 1, 3–4	Fresh own HTML and full six-page PDF read. Historical amounts and procedure. Justia Law +1
S_MT-P28-S014	Salminen v. Morrison & Frampton, PLLP, 2014 MT 323. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2014/da-14-0179.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2014-da-14-0179.pdf?ts=1417564946; ¶¶23–36, printed pp.10–17/PDF 9–16	Fresh own HTML and PDF-text read. Filed December 2, 2014; pleading-stage appeal; partial reversal/affirmance/remand. Justia Law +1
S_MT-P28-S015	Original P23-S001 URL family, listed in Section V.A	Mixed locator-repair row. §402 freshly reread; other sections retain original P23 access and were not rerun. Not a separate independent authority count.
S_MT-P28-S016	Original P23-S003 URL family, listed in Section V.B	Mixed. §§505, 506, 712 fresh; §§503 and 27-18-602 retain original access. Not independent duplicate authority.
S_MT-P28-S017	Original P23-S004 URL family, listed in Section V.C	Mixed. §§609, 610, 613 fresh; remaining bodies retain original access.
S_MT-P28-S018	Original P23-S006 URL family, listed in Section V.D	Locator repair only. Unchanged sale bodies not rerun.
S_MT-P28-S019	Original P23-S007 URL family, listed in Section V.E	Fresh own reads of all five URLs. Municipal implementation remains partial. Montana Code Annotated +4
S_MT-P28-S020	Original P23-S011 URL family, listed in Section V.F	Landing pages fresh; six Word bodies failed/not read; Small Claims guidance fresh. No substantive content inferred from unsupported files. Montana Courts +2

Source links captured in this table

Captured table 11

Claim ID · Affected PASS-23 claim/location · Precise bounded correction · 18 data rows

Claim ID	Affected PASS-23 claim/location	Precise bounded correction	Source and confidence
S_MT-P28-C001	VI.A; notice coverage	Required notice content includes case name, date of judgment, and creditor name. Seizure date is optional additional information.	P28-S001, §25-13-211(1)(b). High.
S_MT-P28-C002	Core 30; C042	Sale of qualifying exempt property independently triggers the six-month traceable-proceeds branch; indemnification is not an additional sale predicate.	P28-S003, §25-13-610(1). High.
S_MT-P28-C003	Core 30; C042	Loss, damage, or destruction triggers the other six-month branch only when the debtor was indemnified.	P28-S003. High.
S_MT-P28-C004	C039; core 22; workflow	Before taking secured property, officer must pay/tender secured debt and interest or make the exact statutory deposit with county treasurer or other filing officer.	P28-S004. High.
S_MT-P28-C005	C040	For an agreement of record, creditor’s personally served 15-day written demand requires the exact debt affidavit; noncompliance makes the agreement ineffective against that creditor upon seizure.	P28-S005, §506(1). High.
S_MT-P28-C006	V.B/workflow	After execution-creditor payoff, secured party must surrender the agreement and note/evidence, which must be delivered to the execution creditor.	P28-S005, §506(2). High.
S_MT-P28-C007	C041; workflow stage 17	Sale proceeds first reimburse the advanced sum with interest from payment date; balance is treated as ordinary execution proceeds.	P28-S006, §712(1). High.
S_MT-P28-C008	Workflow stage 17; coverage	If sale price equals or exceeds secured indebtedness, execution creditor must deliver obtained agreement/note/evidence to debtor.	P28-S006, §712(2). High.
S_MT-P28-C009	Example 8	Original $3,000/$1,800 arithmetic is conditional on §712 interest being included in the $8,000 assumption or separately proved zero; otherwise subtract an unknown 𝐼 𝑎 I a .	P28-S006. High mathematical qualification.
S_MT-P28-C010	S012/case table	Dorwart remains historical authority for exemption-property interests, notice, hearing, and residence-entry limits; current §§211–213 now govern procedure.	P28-S009. High and historical.
S_MT-P28-C011	S012 later treatment	Buxbaum overruled only Dorwart’s inconsistent UDJA attorney-fee proposition.	P28-S010, ¶46. High, bounded.
S_MT-P28-C012	C036; ATV examples	Holzapfel holds that the ATV before it was a motor vehicle rather than sporting goods; it does not create a universal anti-overlap rule.	P28-S011, ¶¶4–7. High, item-specific.
S_MT-P28-C013	Selected-gun discussion	Maynard supports one additional selected-gun exemption for a debtor; marriage alone does not automatically establish doubled protection.	P28-S012, ¶¶6–14. High holding; doubling conclusion remains fact-specific.
S_MT-P28-C014	Historical affirmative-election discussion	Sandvig supports affirmative selection of the one-vehicle exemption under the historical regime; current §212 supplies the modern claim procedure.	P28-S013 plus P28-S002. High with currentness qualification.
S_MT-P28-C015	Salminen source/case table	Salminen was a filed private-residence warrant case at pleading stage; it does not establish automatic liability or damages.	P28-S014, ¶¶23–36. High.
S_MT-P28-C016	C037	No general wildcard/in-lieu election was located in the specifically reviewed §§601, 606–610, 613, and 615; broader and specialized rights remain held.	Original statutory family/P28-S017. Qualified negative.
S_MT-P28-C017	C050	No general personal-property post-sale redemption right was located in the specifically reviewed §§701–704, 708–709, and 712; special and contractual rights remain held.	P28-S006/P28-S018. Qualified negative.
S_MT-P28-C018	Exemption amount/currentness	HB 555 established $7,000, $1,250, $4,000, and $4,500, immediately effective May 14, 2021, with no indexing clause in the act.	P28-S008, printed p.2209/PDF 238. High.

Captured table 12

Requested PASS-28 subissue · Status · Claims · 38 data rows

Requested PASS-28 subissue	Status	Claims	Exact missing proof or next action
Judgment date in officer notice	Corrected	C001	Actual notice and judgment
Seizure date as optional operational item	Qualified	C001	Local form, if any
Five-day notice period	Preserved	P23-C016	Actual seizure date
Personal/mail ten-day trigger	Preserved	P23-C017–C018	Actual receipt or mailing
Same-day copies/hearing/late claim	Preserved	P23-C019–C022	Actual filing and court receipt
Sold-property proceeds branch	Corrected	C002	Exempt source, sale, receipt, tracing, six-month period
Lost/damaged/destroyed branch	Corrected	C003	Event, indemnification, tracing
Indemnification required for every sale	Rejected	C002–C003	None
Six-month universal deposit exemption	Rejected/preserved	C002–C003	Another specific exemption required
FIFO/LIFO/other reasonable tracing	Preserved	P23-C043	Actual ledger and chosen method
Example 10	Preserved	C002–C003	Actual event, date, indemnity, trace
§505 debt-and-interest prerequisite	Answered	C004	Security agreement, payoff and interest
County-treasurer deposit branch	Answered	C004	Filing county and actual deposit
Other filing-officer branch	Answered	C004	Governing filing law and office
§506 agreement-of-record predicate	Answered	C005	Actual filing record
Personal service of demand	Answered	C005	Service return and date
Affidavit contents	Answered	C005	Actual affidavit
Consequence of no affidavit	Answered narrowly	C005	Seizure by that creditor
§506 surrender/delivery chain	Answered	C006	Paid amount and actual instruments
§712 repayment plus interest	Answered	C007	Payment and distribution dates
§712 debtor delivery step	Answered conditionally	C008	Sale price and secured debt
Complete general priority	Unresolved	—	Actual liens, exemptions, costs and court order
Example 8 interest term	Qualified	C009	Whether interest is included; value of 𝐼 𝑎 I a
Full original-source URLs	Corrected	P28-S015–S020	None for locators
Word-form bodies/revisions	Still unread	P28-S020	Machine-readable or official current copies
Municipal execution implementation	Still unresolved	P28-S019	Court-specific rule/form
Dorwart currentness	Qualified	C010–C011	No complete citator audit
Holzapfel scope	Narrowed	C012	Other property/statutory combinations require separate analysis
Maynard scope	Narrowed	C013	Actual debtors, ownership and selection
Sandvig historical procedure	Qualified	C014	Current §212 facts
Salminen posture	Corrected	C015	Merits and damages require actual later proceedings
HB 555 source and effective date	Freshly verified	C018	None
Wildcard negative	Qualified to reviewed provisions	C016	Bankruptcy, federal, local, special-sector or contractual law
Redemption negative	Qualified to reviewed provisions	C017	Secured repossession, contract, bankruptcy and real-property law
All 11 original examples	Preserved	C009 only adds E8 qualifier	No recomputation
All 30 checked quantities	Preserved	—	None
Actual asset/title/lien/contract/case	Unresolved	Original P23 holds	Private records remain outside scope
Local/tribal/country/sector law	Excluded unchanged	—	Separate research

Find the assertion and its boundaries

Search this report’s claim records

How to read the research →

S_MT-P28-C001 Saved research record

Required notice content includes case name, date of judgment, and creditor name. Seizure date is optional additional information.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: VI.A; notice coverage
Source and confidence: P28-S001, §25-13-211(1)(b). High.

S_MT-P28-C002 Saved research record

Sale of qualifying exempt property independently triggers the six-month traceable-proceeds branch; indemnification is not an additional sale predicate.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Core 30; C042
Source and confidence: P28-S003, §25-13-610(1). High.

S_MT-P28-C003 Saved research record

Loss, damage, or destruction triggers the other six-month branch only when the debtor was indemnified.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Core 30; C042
Source and confidence: P28-S003. High.

S_MT-P28-C004 Saved research record

Before taking secured property, officer must pay/tender secured debt and interest or make the exact statutory deposit with county treasurer or other filing officer.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: C039; core 22; workflow
Source and confidence: P28-S004. High.

S_MT-P28-C005 Saved research record

For an agreement of record, creditor’s personally served 15-day written demand requires the exact debt affidavit; noncompliance makes the agreement ineffective against that creditor upon seizure.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: C040
Source and confidence: P28-S005, §506(1). High.

S_MT-P28-C006 Saved research record

After execution-creditor payoff, secured party must surrender the agreement and note/evidence, which must be delivered to the execution creditor.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: V.B/workflow
Source and confidence: P28-S005, §506(2). High.

S_MT-P28-C007 Saved research record

Sale proceeds first reimburse the advanced sum with interest from payment date; balance is treated as ordinary execution proceeds.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: C041; workflow stage 17
Source and confidence: P28-S006, §712(1). High.

S_MT-P28-C008 Saved research record

If sale price equals or exceeds secured indebtedness, execution creditor must deliver obtained agreement/note/evidence to debtor.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Workflow stage 17; coverage
Source and confidence: P28-S006, §712(2). High.

S_MT-P28-C009 Saved research record

Original $3,000/$1,800 arithmetic is conditional on §712 interest being included in the $8,000 assumption or separately proved zero; otherwise subtract an unknown 𝐼 𝑎 I a .

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Example 8
Source and confidence: P28-S006. High mathematical qualification.

S_MT-P28-C010 Saved research record

Dorwart remains historical authority for exemption-property interests, notice, hearing, and residence-entry limits; current §§211–213 now govern procedure.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: S012/case table
Source and confidence: P28-S009. High and historical.

S_MT-P28-C011 Saved research record

Buxbaum overruled only Dorwart’s inconsistent UDJA attorney-fee proposition.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: S012 later treatment
Source and confidence: P28-S010, ¶46. High, bounded.

S_MT-P28-C012 Saved research record

Holzapfel holds that the ATV before it was a motor vehicle rather than sporting goods; it does not create a universal anti-overlap rule.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: C036; ATV examples
Source and confidence: P28-S011, ¶¶4–7. High, item-specific.

S_MT-P28-C013 Saved research record

Maynard supports one additional selected-gun exemption for a debtor; marriage alone does not automatically establish doubled protection.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Selected-gun discussion
Source and confidence: P28-S012, ¶¶6–14. High holding; doubling conclusion remains fact-specific.

S_MT-P28-C014 Saved research record

Historical affirmative-election discussion

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Precise bounded correction: Sandvig supports affirmative selection of the one-vehicle exemption under the historical regime; current §212 supplies the modern claim procedure.
Source and confidence: P28-S013 plus P28-S002. High with currentness qualification.

S_MT-P28-C015 Saved research record

Salminen was a filed private-residence warrant case at pleading stage; it does not establish automatic liability or damages.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Salminen source/case table
Source and confidence: P28-S014, ¶¶23–36. High.

S_MT-P28-C016 Saved research record

No general wildcard/in-lieu election was located in the specifically reviewed §§601, 606–610, 613, and 615; broader and specialized rights remain held.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: C037
Source and confidence: Original statutory family/P28-S017. Qualified negative.

S_MT-P28-C017 Saved research record

No general personal-property post-sale redemption right was located in the specifically reviewed §§701–704, 708–709, and 712; special and contractual rights remain held.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: C050
Source and confidence: P28-S006/P28-S018. Qualified negative.

S_MT-P28-C018 Saved research record

HB 555 established $7,000, $1,250, $4,000, and $4,500, immediately effective May 14, 2021, with no indexing clause in the act.

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Affected PASS-23 claim/location: Exemption amount/currentness
Source and confidence: P28-S008, printed p.2209/PDF 238. High.

Sources, pinpoints and access limits

Keep the source version, actual read extent and jurisdiction with the proposition. A link or researcher access claim is not a substitute for an operative primary passage.

Search this report’s sources

S_MT-P28-S001 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-211, Montana Legislature. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0110/0250-0130-0020-0110.html; subsection (1)(b)

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Current MCA 2025 HTML; complete section. HTML has no printed-page/PDF-index locator. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0110/0250-0130-0020-0110.html

S_MT-P28-S002 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-212. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/MCA/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0120/0250-0130-0020-0120.html

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Complete claim, copy, deadline, late-bar, and hearing clauses. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/MCA/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0020/section_0120/0250-0130-0020-0120.html

S_MT-P28-S003 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-610. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0100/0250-0130-0060-0100.html; subsections (1)–(3)

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Current MCA 2025 HTML; complete section. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0100/0250-0130-0060-0100.html

S_MT-P28-S004 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-505. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0050/0250-0130-0050-0050.html

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Complete section; debt-and-interest and deposit alternatives. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0050/0250-0130-0050-0050.html

S_MT-P28-S005 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-506. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0060/0250-0130-0050-0060.html; subsections (1)–(2)

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Complete personal-service, affidavit, creditor-specific consequence, surrender, and delivery clauses. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0060/0250-0130-0050-0060.html

S_MT-P28-S006 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-712. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0120/0250-0130-0070-0120.html; subsections (1)–(2)

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Complete proceeds, interest, ordinary-balance, and debtor-instrument-delivery clauses. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0120/0250-0130-0070-0120.html

S_MT-P28-S007 Saved research record

MCA §25-13-402. https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0020/0250-0130-0040-0020.html

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own read. Complete material execution and excess-proceeds clauses; P23’s existing judgment-or-order exception remains correct. Montana Code Annotated
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0020/0250-0130-0040-0020.html

S_MT-P28-S008 Saved research record

HB 555 / Chapter 539, 2021 Montana Session Laws. https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Publications/sales/2021SessionLaws_V3_ERRATA-VERSION.pdf?inline=1; printed p.2209/PDF index 238

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own PDF read and screenshot. Four amended amounts and immediate May 14, 2021 effectiveness. Legislative Archive of Montana +1
Direct source URLs: https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Publications/sales/2021SessionLaws_V3_ERRATA-VERSION.pdf?inline=1

S_MT-P28-S009 Saved research record

Dorwart v. Caraway, 1998 MT 191. https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1998/3d8b9983-6bae-41cf-9de6-2350cbf0cd89.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1998-08-04-3D8B9983-6BAE-41CF-9DE6-2350CBF0CD89.pdf?ts=1462388683; ¶¶74–76, 93–103

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh HTML paragraph read. PDF locator bounds retained from coordinator-reported and prior source work: ¶¶74–76 around printed p.25/PDF 24; ¶¶93–103 around printed pp.31–34/PDF 30–33. Current statutes postdate case. Justia Law +1
Direct source URLs: https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1998/3d8b9983-6bae-41cf-9de6-2350cbf0cd89.html
https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1998-08-04-3D8B9983-6BAE-41CF-9DE6-2350CBF0CD89.pdf?ts=1462388683

S_MT-P28-S010 Saved research record

Trustees of Indiana University v. Buxbaum, 2003 MT 97. https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2003/eff955bb-6f26-4929-9f2d-b920b9e3977c.html; ¶46

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own HTML read. Printed page 23 appears in the reproduced text; zero-based PDF index was not independently authenticated. Narrow UDJA attorney-fee later treatment only. Justia Law
Direct source URLs: https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2003/eff955bb-6f26-4929-9f2d-b920b9e3977c.html

S_MT-P28-S011 Saved research record

In re Holzapfel, 2011 MT 257. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2011/op-11-0203.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/op-11-0203.pdf?ts=1462390518; majority ¶¶4–7, printed pp.3–4/PDF 3–4

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own HTML and full PDF read. PDF index 0 is a nonprecedential synopsis; dissent begins at ¶8. Justia Law
Direct source URLs: https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2011/op-11-0203.html
https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/op-11-0203.pdf?ts=1462390518

S_MT-P28-S012 Saved research record

In re Maynard, 2006 MT 162. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2006/dd0f20c1-d333-4441-baad-391397697361.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2006-07-18-DD0F20C1-D333-4441-BAAD-391397697361.pdf?ts=1462389514; ¶¶6–14, printed pp.4–6/PDF 3–5

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own HTML and PDF read. Bankruptcy-certified question; separate one-gun holding. Justia Law
Direct source URLs: https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2006/dd0f20c1-d333-4441-baad-391397697361.html
https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2006-07-18-DD0F20C1-D333-4441-BAAD-391397697361.pdf?ts=1462389514

S_MT-P28-S013 Saved research record

Estate of Sandvig, 1991. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1991/074235f6-85d0-4899-b6b7-4f1eb8189320.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1991-09-24-074235F6-85D0-4899-B6B7-4F1EB8189320.pdf?ts=1462387763; printed pp.2, 4–5/PDF 1, 3–4

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own HTML and full six-page PDF read. Historical amounts and procedure. Justia Law +1
Direct source URLs: https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/1991/074235f6-85d0-4899-b6b7-4f1eb8189320.html
https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/1991-09-24-074235F6-85D0-4899-B6B7-4F1EB8189320.pdf?ts=1462387763

S_MT-P28-S014 Saved research record

Salminen v. Morrison & Frampton, PLLP, 2014 MT 323. HTML https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2014/da-14-0179.html; PDF https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2014-da-14-0179.pdf?ts=1417564946; ¶¶23–36, printed pp.10–17/PDF 9–16

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own HTML and PDF-text read. Filed December 2, 2014; pleading-stage appeal; partial reversal/affirmance/remand. Justia Law +1
Direct source URLs: https://law.justia.com/cases/montana/supreme-court/2014/da-14-0179.html
https://cases.justia.com/montana/supreme-court/2014-da-14-0179.pdf?ts=1417564946

S_MT-P28-S015 Saved research record

Original P23-S001 URL family, listed in Section V.A

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Mixed locator-repair row. §402 freshly reread; other sections retain original P23 access and were not rerun. Not a separate independent authority count.

S_MT-P28-S016 Saved research record

Original P23-S003 URL family, listed in Section V.B

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Mixed. §§505, 506, 712 fresh; §§503 and 27-18-602 retain original access. Not independent duplicate authority.

S_MT-P28-S017 Saved research record

Original P23-S004 URL family, listed in Section V.C

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Mixed. §§609, 610, 613 fresh; remaining bodies retain original access.

S_MT-P28-S018 Saved research record

Original P23-S006 URL family, listed in Section V.D

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Locator repair only. Unchanged sale bodies not rerun.

S_MT-P28-S019 Saved research record

Original P23-S007 URL family, listed in Section V.E

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Fresh own reads of all five URLs. Municipal implementation remains partial. Montana Code Annotated +4
Direct source URLs: https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0230/part_0010/section_0230/0250-0230-0010-0230.html

S_MT-P28-S020 Saved research record

Original P23-S011 URL family, listed in Section V.F

Recorded check status: not yet checked

Access classification and material bounds: Landing pages fresh; six Word bodies failed/not read; Small Claims guidance fresh. No substantive content inferred from unsupported files. Montana Courts +2
Direct source URLs: https://courts.mt.gov/forms/judgement

What was examined—and what is still missing

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coverage-1 Saved research record