| B01 — Current version; Partial |
If relying on the retrieved § 1981 body, retain its October 20, 2026 compilation boundary. C001, C061; S001 banner and complete body. |
Post-cutoff enactment and judicial history. |
The access date proves that every later development was checked. |
Check the next official § 1981 compilation and any identified intervening enacted amendment; do not infer a change from an inaccessible page. |
| B02 — Persons/jurisdiction; Answered text, application unresolved |
The opening category is persons within U.S. jurisdiction. C003; S001(a). |
Meaning and application of jurisdiction and person status. |
Modern § 1981 is limited by the 1866 birth-citizenship formula, or an ordinary label proves coverage. |
Read a narrow current official generic construction source; read 1 U.S.C. § 1 only if the statutory person/entity construction becomes indispensable. |
| B03 — State/Territory wording; Answered text, application unresolved |
The enumerated equality is stated for every State and Territory. C003; S001(a). |
Territorial and extraterritorial construction; no actual jurisdiction supplied. |
The phrase automatically establishes worldwide coverage or the treatment of every jurisdiction. |
Investigate only the precise generic territorial-construction question under § 1981; other jurisdictions remain held. |
| B04 — Comparator; Answered boundary |
The enumerated rights use white citizens as comparator. C004–C008; S001(a). |
Any actual treatment, status, comparison, motive, or legal proof. |
A statutory comparator establishes a particular disparity or entitlement to identical outcomes. |
Read a generic official explanation of the relevant comparative right without examining parties or records. |
| B05 — Contract-right category; Answered text, application unresolved |
If the legal issue concerns making or enforcing contracts, that category is expressly enumerated and defined by subsection (b). C004, C009; S001(a)–(b). |
Whether a legally relevant contractual interest exists and the governing construction. |
Any financially related interaction is automatically a covered contract or must be approved. |
Read narrow generic statutory construction concerning the contractual interest; hold actual contract evidence. |
| B06 — Proceedings/evidence; Answered text, application unresolved |
Suing, being a party, and giving evidence are enumerated comparative rights. C005; S001(a). |
Forum, jurisdiction, procedural prerequisites, admissibility, and remedy. |
A guaranteed successful proceeding or exemption from procedural rules. |
Identify the exact generic procedural authority for the proposed legal question; do not open a proceeding or record. |
| B07 — Security laws/proceedings; Answered text, application unresolved |
Full and equal benefit applies to laws and proceedings for security of persons and property. C006; S001(a). |
The particular legal category and complete construction. |
A specific property, lien, immunity, or protective entitlement is established. |
Read only the applicable generic statutory protection and its relationship to § 1981. |
| B08 — Comparative burdens; Answered boundary |
Like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions are required, with no others. C007; S001(a). |
Applicable substantive burden and any discriminatory treatment. |
All taxes, licenses, penalties, or obligations are invalid or exempted. |
Read the exact generic burden-imposing authority and any separately applicable equality construction. |
| B09 — Making/performance; Answered text, application unresolved |
The contract definition includes both making and performance. C009–C010; S001(b). |
Formation, performance, and relevant discrimination predicates. |
The provision concerns only the initial offer, or every breach is discriminatory. |
Read a generic official explanation of the formation/performance distinction under § 1981. |
| B10 — Modification/termination; Answered boundary |
Modification and termination are included stages. C011; S001(b). |
Contractual rights, authority, conduct, causation, and any remedy. |
Automatic modification, cancellation, or debt release. |
Read only the generic construction of the relevant stage and separately governing contract authority. |
| B11 — Enjoyment of contractual incidents; Answered text, application unresolved |
Benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of a contractual relationship are included. C012; S001(b). |
Existence and legal content of the relevant contractual incident. |
A particular benefit or term exists because the statute lists the category. |
Examine the generic legal category and its § 1981 construction; actual terms remain absent. |
| B12 — Nongovernmental impairment; Answered text, application unresolved |
Rights protected by § 1981 are protected against nongovernmental discrimination. C014; S001(c). |
Actor status, impairment, discrimination, and enforcement authority. |
Every private disagreement, breach, or adverse outcome violates the section. |
Read a narrow official generic explanation of the nongovernmental branch and its legal elements. |
| B13 — State-law color; Answered text, application unresolved |
The other express branch concerns impairment under color of State law. C015; S001(c). |
Actor classification, relationship to State law, enforcement route, and immunity. |
All government action is textually identical to this branch. |
Read the precise generic State-law-color construction and, only if necessary, the complete material § 1983 provision. |
| B14 — Judicial elements/federal actor; Unresolved |
The selected body does not itself complete intent, causation, standing, immunity, federal-actor, or extraterritorial tests. C016; S001. |
Applicable construction and separate authority. |
A familiar judicial standard can be supplied without researching it, or literal subsection (c) resolves every public-actor question. |
Identify a current official generic legal explanation of the precise issue. Individual opinions and actual cases remain outside this pass. |
| B15 — Historical citizenship and servitude qualifications; Answered historical text |
When describing 1866 § 1, preserve the citizenship declaration, historical exclusion, citizenship connector, race/color wording, and duly-convicted-crime qualification in the prior-servitude language. C019–C021; S002 § 1. |
Modern citizenship and application authority. |
Those historical qualifications are present-day § 1981 exclusions. |
Compare only the exact later enacted text or narrow current definition necessary for the historical transition. |
| B16 — Property allocation; Partial |
The original property list is present in 1866 § 1 and separately appears in the retrieved § 1982 body. C022, C030–C033; S002, S005–S007. |
Original Revised Statutes body and later § 1982 history. |
Modern § 1981 reproduces the complete original property provision or establishes a property result. |
Obtain an ordinarily accessible official original R.S. §§ 1977–1978 publication and a newer § 1982 compilation. |
| B17 — Historical contrary-law/burdens wording; Answered comparison |
The 1866 clause has its stated burdens and contrary-law ending; modern § 1981’s wording differs. C023–C024; S002 § 1; S001(a). |
Modern preemption and constitutional construction. |
Textual omission or difference by itself proves repeal of a protection or a universal preemption result. |
Read the exact generic statutory construction relevant to the claimed interaction; do not infer it from word comparison alone. |
| B18 — 1870 derivation; Answered selected history |
The 1870 § 16 supplies all-persons language and additional burden categories; its second sentence separately addresses the specified State immigration taxes. Section 18 reenacts the 1866 Act. C026–C029; S003 §§ 16–18. |
Complete current allocation and enforcement history of the additional sentence and incorporated provisions. |
Every sentence of § 16 is now § 1981 or every historical enforcement mechanism is current. |
Trace only the exact statutory allocation of the extra sentence or incorporated provision if that question becomes necessary. |
| B19 — Revised Statutes/classification; Partial |
Editorial notes and Table II support the stated allocations; the original R.S. bodies were not obtained. C018, C031–C033; S001, S005–S007. |
Original enacted text and recodification/application clauses. |
An editorial table is the original enactment or a complete history. |
Seek an ordinarily readable official original edition; retain the existing access failures without a gate workaround. |
| B20 — Nature of 1991 amendment; Answered |
Section 101 first designates existing text as (a), then adds (b) and (c). C034–C036; S004 § 101. |
Any later enacted modification and judicial application. |
All subsection (a) rights were first created in 1991, or the 1866 Act was copied wholesale. |
Compare any identified later amendment’s actual adopted text with the current section. |
| B21 — General effective trigger; Answered text, application unresolved |
Section 402(a) takes effect upon enactment, except otherwise specifically provided. C037; S004 § 402(a). |
The exact provision and temporal issue to which application is proposed. |
Enactment effectiveness alone answers all earlier-conduct or pending-proceeding questions. |
Read the exact provision-specific application clause and a narrow official generic transition explanation. |
| B22 — Express nonapplication exception; Answered text, application unresolved |
The § 402(b) exclusion requires a disparate-impact case, complaint filed before March 1, 1975, and initial decision after October 30, 1983. C038; S004 § 402(b); M007–M008. |
Legal classification and both triggering events; none supplied. |
Either date alone suffices, equality at a cutoff qualifies, or this creates a general filing deadline. |
Read a generic explanation of this exact application clause without identifying or researching any case. |
| B23 — Retroactivity beyond the clause; Unresolved |
Complete § 402 text does not itself complete all transition questions. C039; S004 § 402. |
Applicable construction and any other specifically governing clause. |
A universal retroactive or prospective rule for every amendment. |
Limit further work to the precise generic transition question; judicial-history expansion would require a separately bounded inquiry. |
| B24 — Severability and exception; Answered historical text, current Title III held |
Section 401 preserves the remainder and other applications upon invalidity; as-enacted § 322 specifies a different consequence for §§ 309 and 320(a)(3). C040–C041; S004 §§ 401, 322. |
Any invalidity holding and current status of the specially referenced Title III provisions. |
General severability has no qualification, or any invalidation defeats the whole Act. |
Read current generic statutory history of the specifically referenced provisions only if needed; no case investigation. |
| B25 — Lawful arrangements construction; Answered conditional text |
Section 116’s protection concerns Title I amendments and the listed remedies/affirmative-action/conciliation categories in accordance with law. C050; S004 § 116. |
Legal authority and lawfulness of any arrangement. |
Every arrangement bearing one of those labels is preserved or valid. |
Read the exact generic substantive authority needed to determine the category’s lawfulness; actual arrangements remain held. |
| B26 — ADR; Answered conditional text |
Section 118 encourages the listed methods only where appropriate and legally authorized, for disputes under laws amended by Title I. C051; S004 § 118. |
Legal authorization, appropriateness, scope, assent, and enforceability. |
Mandatory arbitration, automatic waiver, settlement authority, or a binding agreement. |
Read the exact generic ADR/waiver authority for the proposed legal question; do not draft or inspect an agreement. |
| B27 — Legislative-history restriction; Answered text, incorporated content unresolved |
Section 105(b) permits the identified memorandum rather than other statements as legislative history for its specified topics. C049; S004 § 105(b). |
Memorandum contents and the relevant topic’s construction. |
Every legislative-history source is usable for those topics, or the restriction governs every § 1981 issue. |
Open the specified public memorandum only if one of those exact topics becomes indispensable; otherwise retain the incorporation boundary. |
| B28 — Enacted findings; Answered attribution, effects unresolved |
Sections 2(1)–(3) state Congress’s need, deterrence, judicial-assessment, and employment-protection findings. C042–C044; S004 § 2. |
Empirical methods and outcomes, and any separate judicial evaluation. |
An enacted finding proves a causal outcome or establishes a current disparity. |
For public law, identify only the operative clause implementing the purpose. Empirical evaluation remains a separate excluded component. |
| B29 — Purposes and named regime; Answered attribution |
Section 3 states remedial and expansion purposes and expressly directs its disparate-impact purpose to Title VII. C045–C048; S004 § 3. |
Separate Title VII elements and any § 1981 construction. |
Automatic importation of Title VII standards, or confinement of all § 1981 text to workplace matters. |
Read the precise current statutory body for the distinct regime if a separately authorized comparison is needed. |
| B30 — Remedy/construction boundary; Partial |
The original inserted § 1977A(b)(4) preserves § 1981 scope/relief from limitation by that new section; current § 1981 supplies no quantum formula. C052–C054; S004 § 102; S001. |
Complete current remedial, fee, limitation, and jurisdictional authorities. |
A damages amount, unlimited recovery, automatic fees, a filing period, or debt cancellation. |
Read the exact current remedial provision and necessary definitions before stating any amount, period, or recovery category. |
| B31 — Parallel regimes; Excluded beyond boundary |
The selected text and history do not supply full ECOA, FCRA, housing, Title VII, § 1983, constitutional, or nonfederal rules. C055; separate-regime table. |
Those complete bodies and their interactions. |
One equal-contract provision substitutes for all credit, reporting, housing, or contract regulation. |
Open only the exact next authority listed for the newly authorized component. |
| B32 — Source failure and format; Partial |
Current HTML and original parsed Acts are readable to stated bounds; failed originals, unread R.S. text, older cutoffs, and missing pixels remain gaps. C033, C057–C061. |
Original R.S. text, pixels, and post-cutoff history. |
Failure means repeal, a host date means legal effectiveness, or a compiled placeholder is adopted amendment text. |
Use an ordinary official alternative with its own provenance; no bypass and no substitution of snippets for bodies. |
| B33 — Actual proof and broader A084 results; Excluded |
The statutes establish selected legal categories and expressed policy, not any actual fact or financial result. C008, C013, C016, C056, C062. |
All actual facts, broader legal authority, and empirical evidence. |
An actual discrimination finding, credit eligibility, debt invalidity, forgiveness, or a policy-effect claim. |
A separate generic public-law or empirical component would be needed; identifying records remain outside this authorization. |
| B34 — Historical enactment/application limits; Partial |
The complete 1866 text read contains no separate express severability or delayed-commencement clause; the reported date comes from its heading. C025; S002. |
Further historical application/construction and original-image resolution of the certification OCR. |
Silence establishes every historical temporal rule, or an OCR ambiguity may be silently corrected. |
Obtain an ordinary official readable image or enacted-history source for the narrow unresolved point; do not invent an application date. |